前言
昨天学了五大句型，今天开始学时态——让句子”有时间感”。英语有16种时态，但学业水平考试只考6种，今天先学3种最基本的：一般现在、一般过去、一般将来。
核心概念：时态 = 时间（现在/过去/将来）+ 状态（一般/进行/完成）。今天的三种都是”一般”状态——描述事实、习惯或单纯的动作。
一、一般现在时
什么时候用
| 用法 | 说明 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 习惯性动作 | 经常做、反复做的事 | I get up at 6 a.m. every day. |
| 客观事实 | 永远为真的陈述 | The earth goes around the sun. |
| 现在的状态 | 此刻的情况 | She is a student. |
标志词（看到这些词就用一般现在时）
| 标志词 | 意思 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| always | 总是 | He always gets up early. |
| usually | 通常 | I usually walk to school. |
| often | 经常 | She often reads at night. |
| sometimes | 有时 | We sometimes play basketball. |
| never | 从不 | He never eats breakfast. |
| every day/week/month/year | 每天/周/月/年 | I study English every day. |
| on Sundays | 每周日 | We visit grandma on Sundays. |
动词变形规则
一般现在时中，第三人称单数（he/she/it）作主语时，动词要加s/es。
| 规则 | 变形方法 | 原形 → 三单 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 一般情况 | 加s | like → likes | He likes music. |
| s/x/ch/sh/o结尾 | 加es | go → goes | She goes to school by bus. |
| 辅音+y结尾 | 变y为i加es | study → studies | He studies hard. |
| 元音+y结尾 | 直接加s | play → plays | She plays piano. |
| 特殊 | have → has | have → has | He has a book. |
be动词的变化
| 人称 | be动词 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| I | am | I am a student. |
| he/she/it | is | He is tall. |
| you/we/they | are | They are happy. |
否定句和疑问句
实义动词（用助动词do/does）：
| 肯定句 | 否定句 | 疑问句 |
|---|---|---|
| I like music. | I don’t like music. | Do you like music? |
| He likes music. | He doesn’t like music. | Does he like music? |
注意：否定句和疑问句中，动词恢复原形！不是 He doesn’t likes，而是 He doesn’t like。
be动词（直接变）：
| 肯定句 | 否定句 | 疑问句 |
|---|---|---|
| She is happy. | She isn’t happy. | Is she happy? |
| They are students. | They aren’t students. | Are they students? |
练习1：用一般现在时填空
- She ______ (go) to school by bus every day.
- My father ______ (not watch) TV in the morning.
- ______ you ______ (like) English?
- The sun ______ (rise) in the east.
- He always ______ (help) his mother.
二、一般过去时
什么时候用
| 用法 | 说明 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 过去的动作 | 过去某时发生的事 | I visited Beijing last year. |
| 过去的状态 | 过去的情况 | She was a teacher in 2020. |
| 过去的习惯 | 过去经常做（现在不做了） | He played football every weekend. |
标志词
| 标志词 | 意思 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| yesterday | 昨天 | I went shopping yesterday. |
| last week/month/year | 上周/月/年 | She visited me last week. |
| … ago | …之前 | He left two days ago. |
| in 2020/in 2019 | 在某年 | I graduated in 2020. |
| just now | 刚才 | She called you just now. |
| the other day | 前几天 | We met the other day. |
规则动词过去式变形
| 规则 | 变形方法 | 原形 → 过去式 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 一般情况 | 加ed | work → worked | I worked late yesterday. |
| e结尾 | 加d | like → liked | She liked the movie. |
| 辅音+y结尾 | 变y为i加ed | study → studied | He studied for 3 hours. |
| 重读闭音节结尾 | 双写最后辅音加ed | stop → stopped | The rain stopped. |
常见不规则动词过去式（必背）
| 原形 | 过去式 | 原形 | 过去式 |
|---|---|---|---|
| go | went | come | came |
| see | saw | take | took |
| give | gave | make | made |
| get | got | buy | bought |
| eat | ate | drink | drank |
| write | wrote | read | read（读音/redi/） |
| run | ran | swim | swam |
| find | found | think | thought |
| know | knew | say | said |
| tell | told | leave | left |
| begin | began | break | broke |
| bring | brought | catch | caught |
| choose | chose | draw | drew |
| fall | fell | fly | flew |
| forget | forgot | grow | grew |
| have | had | hear | heard |
| keep | kept | lose | lost |
| meet | met | sit | sat |
| sleep | slept | speak | spoke |
| stand | stood | teach | taught |
| wear | wore | win | won |
be动词的过去式
| 人称 | 过去式 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| I/he/she/it | was | I was at home yesterday. |
| you/we/they | were | They were happy last night. |
否定句和疑问句
实义动词（用助动词did）：
| 肯定句 | 否定句 | 疑问句 |
|---|---|---|
| I went home. | I didn’t go home. | Did you go home? |
| She ate lunch. | She didn’t eat lunch. | Did she eat lunch? |
注意：用了didn’t之后，动词恢复原形！不是 She didn’t ate，而是 She didn’t eat。
be动词：
| 肯定句 | 否定句 | 疑问句 |
|---|---|---|
| He was late. | He wasn’t late. | Was he late? |
| They were busy. | They weren’t busy. | Were they busy? |
练习2：用一般过去时填空
- I ______ (go) to the park yesterday.
- She ______ (not eat) breakfast this morning.
- ______ you ______ (watch) TV last night?
- He ______ (buy) a new phone last week.
- We ______ (be) very happy at the party.
三、一般将来时
什么时候用
| 用法 | 说明 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 将来的计划/打算 | 打算做的事 | I will study abroad next year. |
| 预测 | 将来可能发生的事 | It will rain tomorrow. |
| 即时决定 | 说话时才决定的事 | I’ll answer the phone. |
标志词
| 标志词 | 意思 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| tomorrow | 明天 | I will go there tomorrow. |
| next week/month/year | 下周/月/年 | She will visit us next week. |
| in + 时间段 | …之后 | He will come back in two days. |
| soon | 很快 | We will know the result soon. |
| in the future | 将来 | Life will be better in the future. |
两种表达方式
方式1：will + 动词原形（最常用，适用所有人称）
| 肯定句 | 否定句 | 疑问句 |
|---|---|---|
| I will go. | I won’t go. | Will you go? |
| She will come. | She won’t come. | Will she come? |
won’t = will not 的缩写
方式2：be going to + 动词原形（表示计划好的事）
| 人称 | be动词 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| I | am | I am going to study tonight. |
| he/she/it | is | She is going to visit her grandma. |
| you/we/they | are | We are going to have a picnic. |
will 和 be going to 的区别
| 情况 | 用哪个 | 例句 | 翻译 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 之前就计划好的 | be going to | I am going to visit my uncle this weekend. | 我打算这周末去看叔叔。 |
| 说话时临时决定的 | will | The phone is ringing. I will answer it. | 电话响了，我去接。 |
| 客观预测 | will | It will be cold in winter. | 冬天会很冷。 |
| 有迹象的预测 | be going to | Look at the clouds! It is going to rain. | 看那些云！要下雨了。 |
考试技巧：如果题目有”计划/打算”的意思，选 be going to；如果是临时决定或客观预测，选 will。不确定时选 will 不会错。
练习3：用一般将来时填空
- I ______ (visit) my grandmother tomorrow.
- She ______ (not go) to school next Monday.
- ______ it ______ (rain) this afternoon?
- We ______ (be) going to have a meeting next week.
- He ______ (come) back in two days.
四、三种时态对比
| 时态 | 时间 | 核心结构 | 标志词举例 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 一般现在 | 现在/经常 | V / V-s | always, every day |
| 一般过去 | 过去 | V-ed / 不规则 | yesterday, last week, ago |
| 一般将来 | 将来 | will V / be going to V | tomorrow, next week |
同一个动词在三种时态中的变化
以 go 为例：
| 时态 | 肯定句 | 否定句 | 疑问句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 一般现在 | He goes to school. | He doesn’t go to school. | Does he go to school? |
| 一般过去 | He went to school. | He didn’t go to school. | Did he go to school? |
| 一般将来 | He will go to school. | He won’t go to school. | Will he go to school? |
综合练习：判断时态并填空
- She ______ (read) a book every night. → 时态：____________
- They ______ (visit) the museum last Sunday. → 时态：____________
- I ______ (be) a doctor in the future. → 时态：____________
- He ______ (not finish) his homework yesterday. → 时态：____________
- We always ______ (help) each other. → 时态：____________
参考答案
练习1：
- goes 2. doesn’t watch 3. Do…like 4. rises 5. helps
练习2：
- went 2. didn’t eat 3. Did…watch 4. bought 5. were
练习3：
- will visit / am going to visit 2. won’t go / isn’t going to go 3. Will…rain 4. are 5. will come / is going to come
综合练习：
- reads，一般现在时 2. visited，一般过去时 3. will be，一般将来时 4. didn’t finish，一般过去时 5. help，一般现在时
小结
今天学了三种时态：
- 一般现在时：习惯、事实、现在状态 → 动词三单变化 → 标志词 always/every day
- 一般过去时：过去的动作和状态 → 动词过去式（规则ed/不规则）→ 标志词 yesterday/ago
- 一般将来时：将来的计划/预测 → will+原形 / be going to+原形 → 标志词 tomorrow/next
核心记忆：否定句和疑问句中，实义动词恢复原形，用助动词来体现时态（don’t/doesn’t/didn’t）。
明天（D6）继续学现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时。