英语突击 D8｜被动语态——主动变被动，一招搞定

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前言

主动语态是”主语做动作”，被动语态是”主语承受动作”。中文里被动句不多，但英语里被动句非常常见——尤其在阅读理解和语法选择中。今天的目标：搞懂被动语态的结构，能在各时态中自如切换主动和被动。

一、什么是被动语态

对比理解

语态 角度 例子 翻译
主动 主语做动作 He wrote the letter. 他写了这封信。
被动 主语承受动作 The letter was written by him. 这封信是他写的。

什么时候用被动？

  1. 不知道谁做的 → The window was broken.（窗户被打破了，不知道谁干的）
  2. 强调承受者 → English is spoken in many countries.（强调英语被使用）
  3. 正式文体 → It is reported that…（据报道…）

二、被动语态的基本结构

be + 过去分词

就这么简单。时态靠be动词变化体现，过去分词永远不变。

时态 be动词变化 过去分词
一般现在 am/is/are 不变
一般过去 was/were 不变
一般将来 will be 不变
现在进行 am/is/are being 不变
过去进行 was/were being 不变
现在完成 have/has been 不变

三、各时态被动语态详解

1. 一般现在时的被动

am/is/are + 过去分词

主动 被动 翻译
They speak English here. English is spoken here. 这里说英语。
She cleans the room. The room is cleaned by her. 房间被她打扫。
We use computers every day. Computers are used every day. 电脑每天被使用。

2. 一般过去时的被动

was/were + 过去分词

主动 被动 翻译
He wrote the letter. The letter was written by him. 信是他写的。
They built the house in 2020. The house was built in 2020. 房子建于2020年。
She bought a new car. A new car was bought by her. 新车是她买的。

3. 一般将来时的被动

will be + 过去分词

主动 被动 翻译
They will hold the meeting. The meeting will be held. 会议将被举行。
She will finish the work. The work will be finished by her. 工作将由她完成。

4. 现在进行时的被动

am/is/are being + 过去分词

主动 被动 翻译
They are building a bridge. A bridge is being built. 一座桥正在被建造。
She is painting the door. The door is being painted. 门正在被漆。

5. 过去进行时的被动

was/were being + 过去分词

主动 被动 翻译
He was repairing the car. The car was being repaired. 汽车正在被修理。
They were discussing the problem. The problem was being discussed. 问题正在被讨论。

6. 现在完成时的被动

have/has been + 过去分词

主动 被动 翻译
She has finished the work. The work has been finished. 工作已经完成了。
They have planted many trees. Many trees have been planted. 很多树已经被种了。

四、主动变被动的步骤

三步转换法：

  1. 把主动句的宾语提到前面作新主语
  2. 动词变成 be + 过去分词（be的时态和原句一致）
  3. 原来的主语变成 by + 宾格（可省略）

示例

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3
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主动：Tom cleans the room every day.
       ↓
第1步：The room（原宾语提上来）
第2步：is cleaned（一般现在时，Tom是三单→is）
第3步：by Tom（原主语变by短语）
       ↓
被动：The room is cleaned by Tom every day.

练习1：把主动句变被动

  1. She teaches us English. → _______________________
  2. They built the bridge in 2019. → _______________________
  3. He will send the email tomorrow. → _______________________
  4. She is reading the book. → _______________________
  5. They have finished the project. → _______________________

五、含情态动词的被动语态

情态动词 + be + 过去分词

主动 被动 翻译
You must finish the work. The work must be finished. 工作必须完成。
We can solve this problem. This problem can be solved. 这个问题能被解决。
You should clean the room. The room should be cleaned. 房间应该被打扫。
You may borrow the book. The book may be borrowed. 这本书可以被借。

练习2：把含情态动词的主动句变被动

  1. We must protect the environment. → _______________________
  2. You can’t park here. → _______________________
  3. She should hand in the homework. → _______________________

六、双宾动词的被动

双宾动词变被动时，间接宾语（人）或直接宾语（物）都可以作新主语，但通常用”人”作主语更自然。

用间接宾语（人）作主语

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主动：She gave me a book.
被动：I was given a book (by her).     ← 更常用

用直接宾语（物）作主语

1
2
主动：She gave me a book.
被动：A book was given to me (by her).  ← 也可以

注意：如果用”物”作主语，原来的”人”前面要加to或for。

主动 被动（人作主语） 被动（物作主语）
He told us the news. We were told the news. The news was told to us.
Mom bought me a gift. I was bought a gift. A gift was bought for me.

七、不能用被动的情况

情况 原因 例子
不及物动词 没有宾语，无法变被动 It rained.（不能说was rained）
系动词 没有宾语 She is beautiful.（不能说is been beautiful）
某些固定搭配 宾语和动词不可分 He lost heart.（不能说Heart was lost）

八、被动语态综合练习

练习3：选择题

  1. The bridge ______ in 2020.
    A. built B. was built C. is built D. has built

  2. English ______ in many countries.
    A. speaks B. spoke C. is spoken D. is speaking

  3. The work ______ by the time you come back.
    A. will finish B. will be finished C. finishes D. is finished

  4. The car ______ when I arrived.
    A. was repairing B. was being repaired C. is being repaired D. repaired

  5. Many trees ______ in our school so far.
    A. plant B. planted C. have been planted D. are planted

  6. The homework ______ before class.
    A. must finish B. must be finished C. must finished D. must is finished

  7. The letter ______ to her yesterday.
    A. was sent B. sent C. is sent D. sends

  8. A new school ______ in our town next year.
    A. will build B. will be built C. is built D. was built

练习4：主动被动互换

  1. They speak Chinese in China. → _______________________
  2. The room was cleaned by her. → _______________________
  3. We should protect the earth. → _______________________
  4. The book has been read by many students. → _______________________

参考答案

练习1：

  1. We are taught English by her. / English is taught to us by her.
  2. The bridge was built in 2019.
  3. The email will be sent tomorrow.
  4. The book is being read by her.
  5. The project has been finished.

练习2：

  1. The environment must be protected.
  2. Cars can’t be parked here.
  3. The homework should be handed in.

练习3：1.B 2.C 3.B 4.B 5.C 6.B 7.A 8.B

练习4：

  1. Chinese is spoken in China.
  2. She cleaned the room.
  3. The earth should be protected.
  4. Many students have read the book.

小结

今天学了被动语态：

  • 核心结构：be + 过去分词（时态靠be变化）
  • 转换三步：宾语提主语→动词变be+过去分词→原主语变by短语
  • 情态动词被动：情态动词 + be + 过去分词
  • 双宾被动：人或物都可作主语，物作主语时要加to/for

明天（D9）学情态动词。