英语突击 D10｜非谓语动词——to do / doing / done 三形区分

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前言

非谓语动词是英语语法的”天花板”——很多同学觉得最难。但其实核心就是三种形式：to do（不定式）、doing（动名词/现在分词）、done（过去分词）。搞清它们各自的意思和搭配，就不难了。

一、三种形式的核心含义

形式 名称 核心含义 时间感
to do 不定式 目的、将来、未做 还没做/要做
doing 动名词/现在分词 习惯、进行、主动 正在做/已做
done 过去分词 完成、被动、状态 已做完/被做

一句话区分：to do = 要做，doing = 正在做/习惯做，done = 做完了/被做

例子对比

形式 例句 翻译 感觉
to do I want to read the book. 我想读这本书。 还没读，打算读
doing I enjoy reading books. 我喜欢读书。 习惯，已经做过
done The written report is on the desk. 写好的报告在桌上。 已经写完了

二、to do（不定式）用法

1. 作目的状语

“为了做某事”

例句 翻译
I got up early to catch the bus. 我早起为了赶公交。
She studies hard to pass the exam. 她努力学习为了通过考试。
He went to the store to buy some milk. 他去商店为了买牛奶。

否定形式：not to do → I told him not to be late.（我告诉他不要迟到。）

2. 作宾语——接to do的动词

这些动词后面只能接to do，不能接doing：

动词 例句 翻译
want I want to go home. 我想回家。
hope She hopes to see you. 她希望见到你。
decide He decided to study abroad. 他决定出国留学。
plan We plan to visit Shanghai. 我们计划去上海。
agree They agreed to help us. 他们同意帮我们。
refuse She refused to answer. 她拒绝回答。
promise I promise to come early. 我保证早点来。
learn He learned to swim last year. 他去年学会了游泳。
expect I expect to finish by Friday. 我预计周五前完成。
fail He failed to pass the test. 他没能通过测试。

3. 接sb. to do的动词

动词 例句 翻译
tell She told me to wait. 她让我等。
ask I asked him to help. 我请他帮忙。
want Mom wants me to study hard. 妈妈想让我努力学习。
allow They allow us to use phones. 他们允许我们用手机。
invite We invited her to join. 我们邀请她加入。
encourage The teacher encouraged us to try. 老师鼓励我们尝试。

三、doing（动名词/现在分词）用法

1. 作宾语——接doing的动词

这些动词后面只能接doing，不能接to do：

动词 例句 翻译
enjoy I enjoy reading novels. 我喜欢读小说。
finish She finished writing the report. 她写完了报告。
practice He practices playing piano. 他练习弹钢琴。
mind Do you mind opening the window? 你介意开窗吗？
suggest I suggest going by bus. 我建议坐公交去。
avoid We should avoid making mistakes. 我们应避免犯错。
keep Keep working hard! 继续努力！
consider She considered changing her job. 她考虑换工作。
imagine I can’t imagine living alone. 我无法想象独自生活。
give up Don’t give up trying! 不要放弃尝试！

记忆口诀：enjoy/finish/practice/mind/suggest/avoid/keep/consider + doing（建议完成练习享受，避免介意考虑保持）

2. 介词后面接doing

介词后面永远接doing，不接to do！

例句 翻译
She is good at swimming. 她擅长游泳。
I am interested in reading. 我对阅读感兴趣。
Thank you for helping me. 谢谢你帮我。
He left without saying goodbye. 他没说再见就走了。
Before going to bed, I read a book. 睡前我读一本书。

3. 作主语

例句 翻译
Swimming is good exercise. 游泳是好运动。
Reading books makes you smarter. 读书让你更聪明。

四、to do 和 doing 都能接但意思不同（考试重点）

动词 + to do 意思 + doing 意思
remember remember to do 记得去做（还没做） remember doing 记得做过（已做了）
forget forget to do 忘了去做（还没做） forget doing 忘了做过（已做了）
stop stop to do 停下来去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事
try try to do 努力尝试做 try doing 试着做看效果
go on go on to do 做完一件接着做另一件 go on doing 继续做同一件事
mean mean to do 打算做 mean doing 意味着
regret regret to do 遗憾地要做 regret doing 后悔做过

对比理解

对比 例句 翻译
remember to do Please remember to lock the door. 请记得锁门。（还没锁）
remember doing I remember locking the door. 我记得锁了门。（已经锁了）
forget to do I forgot to bring my homework. 我忘了带作业。（没带）
forget doing I forgot bringing my homework. 我忘了已经带过作业了。（带了但忘了）
stop to do He stopped to rest. 他停下来休息。（停下手头的事去休息）
stop doing He stopped talking. 他停止了说话。（不再说话）
try to do I tried to open the window. 我努力尝试开窗。
try doing I tried opening the window. 我试着开了窗看效果。

五、done（过去分词）用法

1. 作定语——表示完成或被动

例句 翻译 分析
The broken window needs repair. 破了的窗户需要修。 broken = 被打破的（被动+完成）
The written report is on the desk. 写好的报告在桌上。 written = 已写好的（完成）
The fallen leaves cover the ground. 落叶铺满地面。 fallen = 已落下的（完成）

2. 作表语——表示状态

例句 翻译
I am interested in the book. 我对这本书感兴趣。
She was surprised at the news. 她对消息感到惊讶。
We are excited about the trip. 我们对旅行很兴奋。

3. 作宾补——have/get sth. done

“让某事被别人做”

例句 翻译
I had my hair cut. 我理了发。（别人给我理的）
She got her car repaired. 她让人修了车。
We had the house painted. 我们让人漆了房子。

4. -ed vs -ing 形容词对比

形式 含义 例子 翻译
-ing 令人…的（修饰事物） an exciting movie 令人兴奋的电影
-ed 感到…的（修饰人） an excited boy 感到兴奋的男孩

常见配对：

-ing（事物） -ed（人） 意思
exciting excited 兴奋的
interesting interested 感兴趣的
boring bored 无聊的
surprising surprised 惊讶的
disappointing disappointed 失望的
tiring tired 疲劳的
confusing confused 困惑的
frightening frightened 害怕的

考试口诀：-ing修饰物，-ed修饰人。The book is interesting. I am interested in the book.

六、综合练习

练习1：选择to do / doing / done

  1. I enjoy ______ (read) books in the evening.
  2. She decided ______ (study) abroad.
  3. The ______ (break) vase was thrown away.
  4. Please remember ______ (turn) off the lights before you leave.
  5. He stopped ______ (smoke) because it was bad for his health.
  6. I am ______ (interest) in Chinese culture.
  7. The movie was so ______ (bore) that I fell asleep.
  8. Thank you for ______ (help) me with my homework.
  9. She is good at ______ (swim).
  10. I forgot ______ (bring) my umbrella, so I got wet.

练习2：翻译

  1. 我喜欢打篮球。→ _______________________
  2. 他决定努力学习。→ _______________________
  3. 我记得锁了门。→ _______________________
  4. 别忘了做作业。→ _______________________
  5. 这本书很有趣，我对它很感兴趣。→ _______________________

参考答案

练习1：

  1. reading 2. to study 3. broken 4. to turn 5. smoking 6. interested 7. boring 8. helping 9. swimming 10. to bring

练习2：

  1. I enjoy playing basketball. 2. He decided to study hard. 3. I remember locking the door. 4. Don’t forget to do your homework. 5. The book is interesting. I am interested in it.

小结

今天学了非谓语动词：

  • to do：目的、将来 → want/hope/decide/plan + to do
  • doing：习惯、进行 → enjoy/finish/practice/mind + doing；介词后接doing
  • done：完成、被动 → -ed修饰人（感到），-ing修饰物（令人）
  • 易混对比：remember/forget/stop/try + to do vs doing 意思不同

明天（D11）学宾语从句。