英语突击 D11｜三大从句（上）——宾语从句

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前言

从句就是”句子里的句子”。宾语从句是三大从句中最常考的——它充当宾语，放在动词或介词后面。今天攻克三个核心：引导词选择、语序、时态呼应。

一、什么是宾语从句

对比理解

简单句 宾语从句
I know the answer. I know that he is right.
我知道答案。 我知道他是对的。

宾语从句 = 用一个完整的句子代替名词作宾语。

二、引导词选择

宾语从句需要一个”引导词”来连接主句和从句。根据从句的类型选择不同的引导词。

1. that 引导——陈述句变来的从句

当从句是陈述句时，用that引导。that在口语中可以省略。

主句 + that + 从句 翻译
I think that he is honest. 我认为他是诚实的。
She says that she likes music. 她说她喜欢音乐。
We know (that) the earth is round. 我们知道地球是圆的。

注意：that只起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何成分，口语可省略。

2. if / whether 引导——一般疑问句变来的从句

当从句是一般疑问句（是/否）时，用if或whether引导。

主句 + if/whether + 从句 翻译
I don’t know if he will come. 我不知道他会不会来。
She asked whether I liked it. 她问我是否喜欢它。
I wonder if/whether it will rain. 我想知道会不会下雨。

if vs whether：

  • 口语中if更常用
  • 正式文体、与or not连用、介词后、句首只用whether
  • I don’t know whether or not he will come.（不能用if or not）

3. 特殊疑问词引导——特殊疑问句变来的从句

当从句是特殊疑问句时，保留原来的疑问词作引导词。

疑问词 例句 翻译
who I don’t know who he is. 我不知道他是谁。
whom I wonder whom she invited. 我想知道她邀请了谁。
what She asked what I wanted. 她问我想要什么。
which I don’t know which book to choose. 我不知道选哪本书。
when Can you tell me when the class starts? 你能告诉我什么时候上课吗？
where I don’t know where he lives. 我不知道他住在哪里。
why She asked why I was late. 她问我为什么迟到。
how I want to know how you did it. 我想知道你是怎么做到的。

注意：这些疑问词在从句中充当成分（主语/宾语/状语），不能省略！

三、语序——陈述语序（考试必考）

宾语从句必须用陈述语序（主语+谓语），不能用疑问语序！

错误 vs 正确

❌ 错误（疑问语序） ✅ 正确（陈述语序）
I don’t know where is he. I don’t know where he is.
She asked what did I want. She asked what I wanted.
I wonder when will it start. I wonder when it will start.

转换步骤：疑问句变宾语从句时，1. 去掉助动词do/does/did 2. 动词移到主语后面 3. 时态与主句呼应

练习1：把疑问句变成宾语从句

  1. Where does he live? → I don’t know _______________________
  2. What does she want? → Can you tell me _______________________
  3. Will he come? → I wonder _______________________
  4. Why are you late? → The teacher asked _______________________
  5. How old is she? → I don’t know _______________________

四、时态呼应

当主句是过去时时，从句也要变成相应的过去时态——这就是”时态呼应”。

规则

主句时态 从句时态变化
现在时 从句用任何需要的时态
过去时 从句变成对应的过去时态

对应变化表

从句原时态 变成 例子
一般现在 一般过去 He said he was a student.
一般过去 过去完成 He said he had been there before.
一般将来 过去将来 He said he would come tomorrow.
现在进行 过去进行 He said he was reading then.
现在完成 过去完成 He said he had finished the work.

三种例外（不变的情况）

情况 例子 翻译
客观真理 He said the earth goes around the sun. 他说地球绕太阳转。
格言/谚语 She told us practice makes perfect. 她告诉我们熟能生巧。
从句有具体过去时间 He said he was born in 2008. 他说他2008年出生。

练习2：时态呼应填空

  1. He says he ______ (like) English. (主句现在时)
  2. He said he ______ (like) English. (主句过去时)
  3. She told me she ______ (finish) her homework already. (主句过去时)
  4. They asked if we ______ (can) help them. (主句过去时)
  5. The teacher told us the earth ______ (go) around the sun. (客观真理)

五、宾语从句的否定转移

当主句动词是think/believe/suppose时，否定要转移到主句。

中文理解 ❌ 错误 ✅ 正确
我认为他不对 I think he isn’t right. I don’t think he is right.
我相信他不会来 I believe he won’t come. I don’t believe he will come.

规则：think/believe/suppose + 否定 → 否定前移到主句。但翻译成中文时否定仍在从句。

六、综合练习

练习3：选择题

  1. I don’t know ______ he will come or not.
    A. if B. whether C. that D. what

  2. Can you tell me ______?
    A. where does he live B. where he lives C. where he live D. where is he

  3. She asked me ______ I liked the movie.
    A. that B. what C. if D. which

  4. He said he ______ to Beijing the year before.
    A. went B. has gone C. had gone D. goes

  5. I don’t think he ______ right.
    A. is B. isn’t C. was D. doesn’t

  6. I wonder ______ the meeting will start.
    A. that B. what C. when D. which

  7. She told me she ______ the book already.
    A. reads B. read C. has read D. had read

  8. Do you know ______ the library opens?
    A. that B. what C. when D. which

参考答案

练习1：

  1. I don’t know where he lives.
  2. Can you tell me what she wants.
  3. I wonder if/whether he will come.
  4. The teacher asked why I was late.
  5. I don’t know how old she is.

练习2：

  1. likes 2. liked 3. had finished 4. could 5. goes

练习3：1.B 2.B 3.C 4.C 5.A 6.C 7.D 8.C

小结

今天学了宾语从句：

  • 引导词：that（陈述句）/ if或whether（一般疑问句）/ 特殊疑问词（特殊疑问句）
  • 语序：必须用陈述语序（主语+谓语）
  • 时态呼应：主句过去时→从句变过去；客观真理不变
  • 否定转移：think/believe的否定前移到主句

明天（D12）学定语从句和状语从句。