英语突击 D6｜时态（下）——现在进行、过去进行、现在完成

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前言

昨天学了三种”一般”时态，今天学三种”进行/完成”时态。进行时强调”正在做”，完成时强调”已经做了”。这三种时态是阅读理解和语法选择的常客。

一、现在进行时

什么时候用

用法 说明 例子
此刻正在做 说话时正在发生 I am reading now.
当前一段时间在做 最近在持续的事 She is studying for the exam these days.
将来的安排 已经安排好的近期计划 We are leaving tomorrow.

标志词

标志词 意思 例句
now 现在 I am studying now.
right now 就现在 She is sleeping right now.
at the moment 此刻 He is working at the moment.
look! 看！ Look! It is raining.
listen! 听！ Listen! Someone is singing.
these days 这些天 They are preparing for the exam these days.

结构

am/is/are + 动词-ing

主语 be动词 例句 翻译
I am I am eating lunch. 我在吃午饭。
he/she/it is She is reading a book. 她在读书。
you/we/they are They are playing football. 他们在踢足球。

动词-ing变形规则

规则 变形方法 原形 → ing 例句
一般情况 加ing read → reading She is reading.
不发音e结尾 去e加ing make → making He is making a cake.
重读闭音节结尾 双写最后辅音加ing run → running The dog is running.
ie结尾 变ie为y加ing die → dying The flower is dying.

常见双写加ing的动词：

原形 ing形式 原形 ing形式
run running swim swimming
sit sitting put putting
begin beginning stop stopping
get getting forget forgetting
plan planning prefer preferring
cut cutting hit hitting

否定句和疑问句

肯定句 否定句 疑问句
I am reading. I am not reading. Am I reading?
She is cooking. She isn’t cooking. Is she cooking?
They are playing. They aren’t playing. Are they playing?

注意：现在进行时的否定句直接在be动词后加not，不需要助动词do/does。

练习1：用现在进行时填空

  1. Look! The children ______ (play) in the park.
  2. She ______ (not watch) TV right now.
  3. ______ you ______ (study) at the moment?
  4. I ______ (read) a book these days.
  5. He ______ (swim) in the pool now.

二、过去进行时

什么时候用

用法 说明 例子
过去某时正在做 过去特定时刻正在发生 I was sleeping at 10 p.m. last night.
过去某时段在做 过去一段时间持续的事 They were working all day yesterday.
一个动作进行时另一动作发生 常与when/while连用 I was reading when he came in.

标志词

标志词 意思 例句
at + 过去时间 在…时 I was studying at 8 p.m. yesterday.
at that time 那时 She was cooking at that time.
at this time yesterday 昨天此时 He was sleeping at this time yesterday.
when/while 当…时 While I was walking, it rained.
all morning/afternoon 整个上午/下午 They were working all morning.

结构

was/were + 动词-ing

主语 be动词过去式 例句 翻译
I/he/she/it was I was reading at 9 p.m. 我晚上9点在读书。
you/we/they were They were playing at that time. 那时他们在玩。

when 和 while 的区别（考试重点）

连词 用法 时态搭配 例句
when 当…时，后接短暂动作 进行时 + when + 一般过去时 I was reading when he came in.
while 当…期间，后接持续动作 while + 进行时 + 一般过去时 While I was reading, he came in.

口诀：when接”点动作”（came, rang, arrived），while接”段动作”（reading, sleeping, working）。

否定句和疑问句

肯定句 否定句 疑问句
I was reading. I wasn’t reading. Was I reading?
They were talking. They weren’t talking. Were they talking?

练习2：用过去进行时填空

  1. I ______ (sleep) when the phone rang.
  2. She ______ (not study) at 8 p.m. last night.
  3. ______ they ______ (play) basketball at that time?
  4. While he ______ (walk) home, it started to rain.
  5. We ______ (have) dinner when he arrived.

三、现在完成时

什么时候用

用法 说明 例子
已完成的动作对现在有影响 做完了，结果很重要 I have lost my key. (所以现在开不了门)
过去开始持续到现在 从过去到现在一直在做 I have lived here for 5 years.
经验 曾经做过/没做过 Have you ever been to Beijing?

标志词

标志词 意思 例句
already 已经 I have already finished.
yet 还没（否定/疑问） She hasn’t finished yet.
just 刚刚 He has just left.
ever 曾经 Have you ever been to Paris?
never 从未 I have never seen this movie.
recently 最近 I have been busy recently.
so far 到目前为止 We have learned 100 words so far.
for + 时间段 持续了… I have lived here for 3 years.
since + 时间点 自从… She has worked here since 2020.

结构

have/has + 过去分词

主语 助动词 例句 翻译
I/you/we/they have I have eaten lunch. 我已经吃了午饭。
he/she/it has She has finished her homework. 她已经完成了作业。

过去分词变形

规则动词的过去分词和过去式一样（加ed）。不规则动词需要单独记忆（D6词汇篇已列出20组，这里补充重点）。

原形 过去式 过去分词 原形 过去式 过去分词
go went gone come came come
see saw seen take took taken
give gave given write wrote written
speak spoke spoken break broke broken
choose chose chosen drive drove driven
eat ate eaten fall fell fallen
grow grew grown know knew known
wear wore worn steal stole stolen
hide hid hidden throw threw thrown
begin began begun swim swam swum

注意：有些动词的过去分词和过去式一样（如 bought/bought, thought/thought, caught/caught, taught/taught, found/found, left/left, told/told, heard/heard, made/made, had/had）。

否定句和疑问句

肯定句 否定句 疑问句
I have finished. I haven’t finished. Have you finished?
She has arrived. She hasn’t arrived. Has she arrived?

for 和 since 的区别（考试必考）

介词 用法 意思 例句
for + 时间段 持续了多久 I have lived here for 5 years.
since + 时间点/过去式句子 自从什么时候 I have lived here since 2020. / since I was born.

常见搭配：

for since
for 3 years since 2020
for 2 months since last Monday
for a long time since she left
for 5 minutes since 8 o’clock

have been to vs have gone to

表达 意思 例句 翻译
have been to 去过（已回来） I have been to Shanghai. 我去过上海。
have gone to 去了（还没回） He has gone to Shanghai. 他去了上海（还没回来）。

考试陷阱：问”你去过北京吗？”要用 Have you been to Beijing? 不能用 Have you gone to Beijing?（因为gone表示人还没回来，你明明在这里）

练习3：用现在完成时填空

  1. I ______ (already finish) my homework.
  2. She ______ (not see) this movie yet.
  3. ______ you ever ______ (eat) sushi?
  4. He ______ (live) in this city for 10 years.
  5. We ______ (know) each other since 2019.

四、六种时态总对比

时态 结构 用法 标志词
一般现在 V / V-s 习惯、事实 always, every day
一般过去 V-ed / 不规则 过去的动作 yesterday, ago
一般将来 will V / be going to V 将来的计划 tomorrow, next
现在进行 am/is/are + V-ing 正在做 now, look!
过去进行 was/were + V-ing 过去正在做 at + 时间, when/while
现在完成 have/has + V-ed(过去分词) 已做完/持续到现在 already, yet, for, since

同一动词在六种时态中的变化

以 write 为例：

时态 肯定句 否定句
一般现在 He writes every day. He doesn’t write every day.
一般过去 He wrote yesterday. He didn’t write yesterday.
一般将来 He will write tomorrow. He won’t write tomorrow.
现在进行 He is writing now. He isn’t writing now.
过去进行 He was writing at 8 p.m. He wasn’t writing at 8 p.m.
现在完成 He has written the letter. He hasn’t written the letter.

综合练习：判断时态并填空

  1. She ______ (study) English every day. → 时态：____________
  2. They ______ (play) football when it rained. → 时态：____________
  3. I ______ (already eat) lunch. → 时态：____________
  4. He ______ (go) to Shanghai next week. → 时态：____________
  5. Look! The cat ______ (climb) the tree. → 时态：____________
  6. We ______ (visit) the museum last Sunday. → 时态：____________

参考答案

练习1：

  1. are playing 2. isn’t watching 3. Are…studying 4. am reading 5. is swimming

练习2：

  1. was sleeping 2. wasn’t studying 3. Were…playing 4. was walking 5. were having

练习3：

  1. have already finished 2. hasn’t seen 3. Have…eaten 4. has lived 5. have known

综合练习：

  1. studies，一般现在时 2. were playing，过去进行时 3. have already eaten，现在完成时 4. will go / is going to go，一般将来时 5. is climbing，现在进行时 6. visited，一般过去时

小结

今天学了三种时态：

  1. 现在进行时：正在做 → am/is/are + V-ing → 标志词 now/look
  2. 过去进行时：过去正在做 → was/were + V-ing → 标志词 when/while
  3. 现在完成时：已经做了/持续到现在 → have/has + 过去分词 → 标志词 already/yet/for/since

重点区分：

  • for + 时间段 vs since + 时间点
  • have been to（去过）vs have gone to（去了没回）
  • when（点动作）vs while（段动作）

明天（D7）阶段复习+小测，检验这7天的学习成果！