英语突击 D12｜三大从句（下）——定语从句与状语从句

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前言

昨天学了宾语从句，今天学剩下的两种：定语从句（修饰名词）和状语从句（修饰动词/句子）。定语从句的核心是关系代词选择，状语从句的核心是连词辨析。

一、定语从句

什么是定语从句

定语从句就是用一个句子来修饰名词，相当于一个”长形容词”。

简单定语 定语从句
The red apple The apple which is red
红色的苹果 是红色的那个苹果
The tall man The man who is tall
高个子男人 很高的那个男人

基本结构

先行词（被修饰的名词）+ 关系代词 + 从句

1
2
The man  who  is standing there  is my father.
先行词   关系代词    定语从句

关系代词选择（考试核心）

关系代词 先行词类型 在从句中充当 例句 翻译
who 人 主语/宾语 The man who came is my uncle. 来的那个人是我叔叔。
whom 人 宾语 The girl whom I met is kind. 我遇到的那个女孩很善良。
whose 人/物 定语（所有格） The boy whose father is a doctor won the prize. 爸爸是医生的那个男孩获奖了。
which 物 主语/宾语 The book which I bought is interesting. 我买的那本书很有趣。
that 人/物 主语/宾语 The girl that he likes is tall. 他喜欢的那个女孩很高。

that 的特殊用法

that可以代替who/whom/which，但在以下情况只能用that：

情况 例句 翻译
先行词是all/everything/nothing等 I’ll do everything that I can. 我会做我能做的一切。
先行词被最高级修饰 This is the best movie that I’ve seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
先行词被the only/the very修饰 He is the only person that can help. 他是唯一能帮忙的人。
先行词既有人又有物 The man and his dog that passed here left footprints. 经过这里的那个男人和他的狗留下了脚印。

关系代词作宾语时可省略

不省略 省略
The book which I bought is good. The book I bought is good.
The man whom she loves is kind. The man she loves is kind.

注意：关系代词作主语时不能省略！The man who came is my uncle. → who不能省。

限制性 vs 非限制性定语从句

类型 特点 例句 翻译
限制性 无逗号，不可省略，限定范围 Students who study hard will pass. 努力学习的学生会通过。
非限制性 有逗号，可省略，补充说明 My father**, who is 50**, likes sports. 我爸爸，他50岁，喜欢运动。

非限制性定语从句不能用that！只能用who/whom/which。

练习1：选择正确的关系代词

  1. The girl ______ is standing there is my sister.
  2. The book ______ I read yesterday was interesting.
  3. This is the best movie ______ I have ever seen.
  4. The man ______ car was stolen called the police.
  5. I’ll do everything ______ I can to help.
  6. She is the only person ______ understands me.
  7. The students ______ work hard will succeed.
  8. Beijing, ______ is the capital of China, is a big city.

二、状语从句

状语从句修饰动词或整个句子，说明时间、条件、原因、目的、让步等。

1. 时间状语从句

连词 意思 例句 翻译
when 当…时 I was reading when he came in. 他进来时我在读书。
while 当…期间 While I was studying, he was playing. 我学习时他在玩。
before 在…之前 Before you leave, turn off the lights. 离开前关灯。
after 在…之后 After he finished, he went home. 完成后他回家了。
until 直到 I waited until he came back. 我等到他回来。
since 自从 I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生就住在这里。
as soon as 一…就 I’ll call you as soon as I arrive. 我一到就给你打电话。

时态规则：主句将来时 → 状语从句用现在时代替将来时（主将从现）

  • I will call you when I arrive.（不是will arrive）
  • She will come after she finishes her work.（不是will finish）

2. 条件状语从句

连词 意思 例句 翻译
if 如果 If it rains, I will stay home. 如果下雨我就待在家。
unless 除非 I won’t go unless you go with me. 除非你和我一起去否则我不去。
as long as 只要 You can go as long as you come back early. 只要你早回来就可以去。

主将从现：条件从句也遵循”主将从现”规则。

  • If it rains tomorrow, I will stay home.（从句用rains不是will rain）

3. 原因状语从句

连词 意思 例句 翻译
because 因为 I stayed home because I was sick. 我待在家因为我病了。
since 既然 Since you are here, let’s start. 既然你来了，我们开始吧。
as 因为/既然 As it was late, we went home. 因为天晚了，我们回家了。

because vs since/as：because回答why（直接原因），since/as是已知事实的推论。

  • Why are you late? → Because I missed the bus.（用because）
  • Since/As everyone is here, let’s begin.（用since/as）

4. 目的状语从句

连词 意思 例句 翻译
so that 以便 Study hard so that you can pass. 努力学习以便你能通过。
in order that 为了 He got up early in order that he could catch the bus. 他早起为了赶上公交。

5. 结果状语从句

连词 意思 例句 翻译
so…that 如此…以至于 It was so cold that I couldn’t move. 太冷了以至于我动不了。
such…that 如此…以至于 It was such a good book that I read it twice. 这本书太好了我读了两遍。
so that 结果 He was ill, so that he couldn’t go to school. 他病了，结果不能上学。

so vs such：

  • so + 形容词/副词 + that → so cold that…
  • such + (a/an) + 形容词 + 名词 + that → such a good book that…

6. 让步状语从句

连词 意思 例句 翻译
although/though 虽然 Although he is young, he is smart. 虽然他小，但很聪明。
even if/though 即使 I will go even if it rains. 即使下雨我也要去。
while 尽管 While I understand your point, I disagree. 尽管我理解你的观点，但我不同意。

⚠️ 超级易错：although/though 不能和but连用！

  • ❌ Although he is young, but he is smart.
  • ✅ Although he is young, he is smart.
  • ✅ He is young, but he is smart.

7. 方式状语从句

连词 意思 例句 翻译
as 按照…方式 Do as I told you. 按我说的做。
as if / as though 好像 He talks as if he knew everything. 他说得好像什么都知道。

练习2：选择正确的连词

  1. ______ it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.
    A. Because B. If C. Although D. So that

  2. I was sleeping ______ the phone rang.
    A. while B. when C. because D. if

  3. ______ he is young, he knows a lot.
    A. Because B. But C. Although D. So

  4. Study hard ______ you can pass the exam.
    A. so that B. although C. because D. unless

  5. I won’t go ______ you go with me.
    A. if B. unless C. because D. when

  6. It was ______ cold that I couldn’t sleep.
    A. such B. so C. very D. too

  7. ______ everyone is here, let’s start the meeting.
    A. Although B. Because C. Since D. Unless

  8. He is the only student ______ can answer this question.
    A. which B. who C. whom D. whose

参考答案

练习1：

  1. who/that 2. which/that（可省略） 3. that 4. whose 5. that 6. that 7. who/that 8. which

练习2：1.B 2.B 3.C 4.A 5.B 6.B 7.C 8.B

小结

今天学了定语从句和状语从句：

定语从句：

  • 关系代词：who(人)/which(物)/that(人+物)/whose(所有格)
  • that的特殊用法：先行词为all/everything/最高级/the only时只能用that
  • 非限制性定语从句不能用that

状语从句：

  • 时间：when/while/before/after/until/since/as soon as
  • 条件：if/unless/as long as（主将从现）
  • 原因：because/since/as
  • 目的：so that/in order that
  • 结果：so…that/such…that
  • 让步：although/though（不能与but连用）

明天（D13）学特殊句式。